Requirement of Carbon capture and Sequestration

CO的数量₂in the environment is increasing day by day due to human activity. This is causing earth to warm and ocean to become more acidic. Unless the amount of CO2 and other global warming agents are not reduces in the environment, scientists predict that temperature of earth will keep on increasing.

资料来源：http：//www.c2es.org/facts-figures/trends/co2-temp

From this graph, it is evident that temperature increase in the environment is directly related with CO₂集中在环境中。温度的升高将导致海平面上升，在不同的冰川中融化雪，这将对土地地球和危害人类生命产生不利影响。

Natural role of CO₂

二氧化碳对于人类在地球上的存在至关重要。它是食品供应链的一部分，植物在照片合成过程中使用它。CO的关键水平₂必须确保所有日光灯不会逃到太空中，并且这种日光灯使地球保持温暖和居住，以使不同的物种生存。
Carbon dioxide (CO₂）是温室效应的主要罪魁祸首。在化石燃料，海洋，生物和气氛中存储有限的碳。在没有人类影响的情况下，这些商店之间的转移大致相互平衡 - 例如，植物会随着碳的生长吸收，但会随着碳的衰变而释放。但是，当人类砍伐树木或燃烧化石燃料时，它们会释放出多余的碳进入大气中，从而增加了温室的效果。这称为碳循环。

Non traditional sources of CO₂

When fossil fuel burns, in order to generate electricity, a high concentration of CO₂气体被释放到环境中。co₂还与石油流体一起生产，以及原油和天然气的生产。工业过程，例如炼铁，熔化钢和不同类型的行业，也释放了很大一部分CO₂在环境中。CO的其他主要来源₂来自日常运输活动，当石油产品are burned.

资料来源：http：//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat/etc/worldco2.html

So, for survival of human race we need to make changes in the way we generate electricity, do transportation and heat our homes. One way of change is to develop renewable energy sources, switching to less carbon-intensive and more energy efficient fuels. Since, no renewable energy source is commercially available on broad scale and fossil fuels are still expected to be used for at least next 100 years to generate electricity; it is advisable to do something to reduce emissions generated from power plant and different industries.

碳捕获和存储

Carbon capture and storage (CCS), refers to technologies attempting to prevent the release of large quantities of CO₂进入气氛。co₂generated from fossil fuel burning in power generation and other industries can be captured, transported and ultimately, pumped into underground geological formations to securely store it away from the atmosphere. This is one way to mitigate rising global warming by capturing CO₂and storing it. Most of the technologies needed for CCS are already being used extensively in a variety of industries, but are yet to be widely applied to power generation and industry at commercial scale.

捕获公司₂是在点光源等emi最有效tting point of large fossil fuel based plant, industries with major CO₂emissions and in the production of H₂一代。提取Co₂从空气中可能是可能的，但不是很经济。有几种捕获CO的方法₂但是所有这些尚未针对商业应用进行优化。过去，重点是捕获其他工业用法的纯二氧化碳，而不是减少CO₂concentration in the flue gas coming out of industries.

Carbon capture technologies

Post combustion capture

In post combustion capture technology, CO₂在燃烧化石燃料后被捕获。在这里，二氧化碳是从大型行业发射点的烟气中捕获的。这是众所周知的技术，几家示范植物是运营的；尽管不是商业规模。

预燃烧捕获

该技术广泛应用于肥料，化学和H₂生产。在这些情况下，燃料被部分氧化，并产生同步气体。Syn-Gas是CO，CO的混合物₂and H₂。通过水气转反应，CO₂is again produced which is captured using different methods and H₂被生产。通过这种方法，我们得到了相对纯净的CO₂。In this method, capture of CO₂takes place before the combustion process.

氧气燃烧

In this process, fuel is burned using oxygen rather than air. To control the temperature level inside the combustion chamber cool flue gas is sent. Because of the burning of fuel in presence of oxygen, flue gas consists only carbon di-oxide and water vapour. Water vapour is cooled so only pure carbon dioxide is left, which is sent for storage and then for sequestration or industrial usage.

Chemical looping combustion

在这种CO的方法中₂sequestration rather than oxygen, metal oxide acts as carrier of oxygen in the combustion chamber. The flue gas consists mostly of pure CO₂和水蒸气。然后将水蒸气冷却，留下纯co₂。纯二氧化碳被发送以进行隔离或工业用法。固体金属颗粒被发送到反应堆，在那里它们与空气反应，该反应器将金属颗粒氧化，并准备再次重复使用。

运输

捕获后，₂通过运输到封存站点管道which is the most cheapest way.

co₂storage

已构想了各种形式用于永久二氧化碳存储。这包括在各种深层地质地点的气态存储，在深海中液体形成液体的储存以及对金属氧化物的反应以及稳定碳酸盐的形成的固体储存。

地质存储

在这种方法中，CO₂in form of supercritical condition is injected into underground geological formations. Oil fields, gas fields, saline formations, unmineable coal seams, and saline-filled basalt formation has been suggested as possible storage sites.

co₂在海洋中存储

Several different methods have been proposed to store CO2 inside ocean.
•In the method ‘dissolution’ CO2 is injected into ocean at depths of 1000-3000 mtr. By ship or pipeline, and subsequently CO2 dissolves in seawater.
•在另一种方法中，二氧化碳的深度大于3000 mTR。在海洋内。由于在这样的深度处高压，二氧化碳液体液化并在那里形成了一种湖泊。该过程抑制了CO2在大气和海洋中的溶解，千年来。
•在另一种方法中，二氧化碳与碳酸盐盐反应形成碳酸氢盐，并沉积在海洋中。
•Store the CO2 in solid clathrate hydrates in the ocean.
Mineral Storage: in this process, CO2 is exothermally reacted with metal oxides to form stable carbonates. This process takes years of time and is responsible for large deposits of limestone on earth. With the help of high pressure and temperature, this process can be expedited.